Archive for the ‘Federal Products’ Category
Civil RICO: 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968 A Manual for Federal Attorneys
A. Introduction 1
1. Overview 1
2. Guidelines for Bringing Civil RICO Lawsuits 3
B. Prior Approval by the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section
of All Government Civil RICO Lawsuits is Required 6
1. Approval Authority and Process 6
2. Post-Complaint Duties 8
II. OVERVIEW OF EQUITABLE RELIEF, CIVIL RICO, AND ITS
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY 10
A. Origins and General Nature of Courts’ Equitable Authority 10
1. Origins of Court’s Equitable Authority 10
2. Courts Are Vested With Broad Equitable Powers To Remedy
Unlawful Conduct, Including Ordering Intrusive, Structural
Changes in Wrongdoers’ Entities and Practices 13
B. Congressional Findings and Purposes Regarding Civil RICO 16
C. Congress Designed 18 U.S.C. § 1964 (a) to Authorize District Courts
To Impose the Full Panoply of Equitable Relief 18
1. Injunctions 21
2. Divestiture, Dissolution and Reorganization 21
3. Disgorgement 22
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4. Limitations on Future Activities and Removal from Positions
in an Entity 25
5. Appointment of Court Officers 26
D. Civil RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1964, is Patterned After Antitrust Laws,
and Hence Vests the Attorney General of the United States With the
Exclusive Authority to Obtain Equitable Relief, and Vests Private
Litigants, But Not the United States, With the Authority to Sue for
Treble Damages 26
E. Equitable Relief Available Under Civil RICO is at Least As Broad As
Equitable Relief Under the Antitrust Laws, If Not Broader 33
III. ELEMENTS OF GOVERNMENT CIVIL RICO LAWSUITS AND
DEFENSES 38
A. Standards For Obtaining Equitable Relief 38
1. The Government Must Establish a Reasonable Likelihood of
Future Violations By a Preponderance of the Evidence 38
2. Making Due Provision for the Rights of Innocent Persons 41
B. Substantive Issues In Proving Government Civil RICO Claims 43
1. A Defendant’s Liability For A Racketeering Act May Be Based
On “Aiding and Abetting†43
2. Principles of Respondeat Superior 47
3. A Corporation’s or Labor Union’s Scienter May Be Established
By The Collective Knowledge of The Corporation’s or Labor
Union’s Employees and Representatives 52
4. The Prohibition Against Intracorporate Conspiracies Under
The Antitrust Laws Does Not Apply To Government Civil
RICO Lawsuits 59
C. Certain Defenses Do Not Apply to Government Civil RICO Actions
For Equitable Relief 61
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1. Laches and Statute of Limitations 61
2. United States’ Civil RICO Claims Cannot Be Implicitly Waived 64
3. Equitable Estoppel Can Not Lie Against the United States, If
Ever, Absent Affirmative Misconduct 66
4. The United States Is Not Subject to the Defenses of Unclean
Hands or In Pari Delicto 69
D. Collateral Estoppel 71
IV. JURISDICTION AND VENUE 75
A. Serving the Summons 75
B. General Principles Governing Subject Matter and Personal Jurisdiction 79
1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 79
2. Due Processing Requirements for State Courts’ Exercise of In
Personam Jurisdiction Under the Fourteenth Amendment as to
State Claims 79
3. Due Process Requirements Under the Fifth Amendment for
Federal Courts’ Exercising In Personam Jurisdiction Over
Federal Causes of Action 85
C. Civil RICO’s Jurisdiction and Venue Provision 87
1. Overview of Civil RICO’s Jurisdiction and Venue Provision 88
2. The Bases for Venue Under Section 1965(a) 91
a. The District In Which Such Person “Resides†91
b. “Found†91
c. “Has an Agent†92
d. “Transacts His Affairs†92
3. Nationwide Service of Process Under Section 1965(b) 93
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4. Transfer of Venue – Forum Non-Conveniens 95
V. PROCEDURAL MATTERS 96
A. Expedition of Actions 96
B. Adequacy of the Pleading and Drafting the Complaint 96
1. Adequacy of the Pleading 96
a. General Principles 96
b. Application of Civil Rule 9(b) 100
2. Drafting the Complaint 102
C. There is No Right to a Jury Trial on Claims for Equitable Relief 104
D. Standards Governing Motions for Summary Judgment 109
1. General Principles 109
2. Issues of Intent Generally are Ill-Suited for Summary Judgment 113
VI. DISCOVERY 114
Civil RICO: 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968 A Manual for Federal Attorneys
A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 2, Book 1, 1951-1969
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Allan H. Meltzer’s critically acclaimed history of the Federal Reserve is the most ambitious, most intensive, and most revealing investigation of the subject ever conducted. Its first volume, published to widespread critical acclaim in 2003, spanned the period from the institution’s founding in 1913 to the restoration of its independence in 1951. This two-part second volume of the history chronicles the evolution and development of this institution from the Treasury–Federal Reserve accord in 1951 to the mid-1980s, when the great inflation ended. It reveals the inner workings of the Fed during a period of rapid and extensive change. An epilogue discusses the role of the Fed in resolving our current economic crisis and the needed reforms of the financial system.
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In rich detail, drawing on the Federal Reserve’s own documents, Meltzer traces the relation between its decisions and economic and monetary theory, its experience as an institution independent of politics, and its role in tempering inflation. He explains, for example, how the Federal Reserve’s independence was often compromised by the active policy-making roles of Congress, the Treasury Department, different presidents, and even White House staff, who often pressured the bank to take a short-term view of its responsibilities. With an eye on the present, Meltzer also offers solutions for improving the Federal Reserve, arguing that as a regulator of financial firms and lender of last resort, it should focus more attention on incentives for reform, medium-term consequences, and rule-like behavior for mitigating financial crises. Less attention should be paid, he contends, to command and control of the markets and the noise of quarterly data.
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At a time when the United States finds itself in an unprecedented financial crisis, Meltzer’s fascinating history will be the source of record for scholars and policy makers navigating an uncertain economic future.
A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 2, Book 1, 1951-1969